Lung cancer can be treated by various therapies that are often used in combination to provide optimal outcomes for patients. Surgical resection is the surgical process in which the tumor, and is usually recommended if the cancer has not metastasized (or spread) outside the lungs to other parts of the body.

There are several options for doing that may involve resection of minimally invasive surgery or full operation. The technique used will depend on many factors, especially the size and stage of cancer and tumors are accessible to a surgeon.

Thoracotomy performed by a surgeon makes an incision through the chest wall and the average sternotomy performed by entering the chest cavity through the sternum. The second method is usually used in surgery for lung cancer, but they simply involve the discomfort and prolonged patient stay in hospital with a recovery period longer.

Alternative operating procedures including anterior limited Thoracotomy (ALT) which involves a small incision to allow entry, again through the front of the chest. It should be emphasized that the incision is much smaller than the standard or average Thoracotomy sternotomy. An alternative is the anterior axillary Thoracotomy (AAT) which involves a small incision in the chest near the armpit, but eventually, there was postero-lateral Thoracotomy (PLT) which involves the incision of the patient’s back or side of the trunk.

Even with this improved surgical techniques, a patient will experience pain big enough if the operation involves opening the chest (sometimes called the doctor as “cracking the chest”).

As a consequence of prolonged recovery and the patient discomfort, surgical techniques have been developed that do not involve large-scale operation – it is called, minimal-invasive technique.

Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) using a high powered video cameras and hi-definition screen in combination with the diagnostic scans, such as CT or PET scans, to target tumors in the lungs of patients. Incision is required is much smaller and do not need to open the chest cavity resulting in much less discomfort for patients and greatly reduced recovery period. Using the video display, the surgeon can resect the tumor that had been identified during the diagnosis stage and phase.

Some doctors do caution, however the use of VAT, as the traditional Thoracotomy can reveal tumors and other metastatic cancers that have not been found in the scans and initial diagnosis. If this still has not found the cancer can return and the patient will become sick again and for this reason, VAT is usually recommended for early stage (I & II) and cancer has not spread to other parts of the lungs and body.

This is very normal for any surgical procedure must be accompanied by a phase of chemotherapy or radiation treatments to ensure that cancer patients have been completely removed or killed. How the treatment and at what stage a particular therapy will be recommended will be determined by the type and stage of lung cancer patients have.

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# Tests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

# The positron emission tomography (PET): Using a sensitive tracer of low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may arise from the spread of cancer.

# Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of phlegm to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. After removing a sample of the mass and is seen through a microscope for cancer cells.

# Bronchoscopy: It introduces a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. It can also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

# Mediastinoscopy: A small cut is made in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. You can use special instruments that are managed through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the windpipe and the major areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

# Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 millimeters wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

# Blood tests: often perform certain blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as to diagnose certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

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The lung cancer is a malignant tumor that usually originates in the cells lining the bronchi (bronchial epithelium). It is produced mainly by irritation and chronic inflammation of the bronchial epithelium by external agents (carcinogens), wherein the cigarette smoke. Proceeds from this chronic irritation and genetic mutations occur that lead to rapid and uncontrolled growth of certain cells, called malignant transformation, thus creating a cancer. Finally when we continue to grow the tumor, some cells may travel to other organs of the body, giving rise to metastases.

The snuff is the main risk factor. Also influenced by other external actors such as exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos, other minerals and radioactive gases, marijuana use, environmental pollution and recurrent inflammation of tuberculosis and some types of pneumonia, among others. There is also an important genetic predisposition that makes some people more likely to develop cancer when exposed to these carcinogens or even without exposure.

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Lynsey Scott, who suffered from cystic fibrosis, received in February 2009 a double lung transplant from a donor who had smoked for 30 years. Scott died of pneumonia in July, this 28 year old British woman received a lung transplant from a donor smoking without knowing it, and it is precisely this that would like to discuss, because in principle the patient receiving a transplant should know that the national you receive is not entirely new, and the fact that the family found out later that the donor was a smoker does not different, I do not think knowing that Scott had refused to receive the lungs.

True, the donor was a smoker, but also had to be true that state encotraban lungs sufficiently acceptable to be transplanted. I believe that death was in the way of Scott and sooner or later was going to achieve, but from my point of view it would not help the patient to receive more information on the life led by the donor when a transplant itself represents life expectancy.

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