- Local symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis, dysphonia (due to involvement of recurrent laryngeal nerve, either by direct tumor invasion or lymph node involvement next).
- General symptoms: Weight loss, weakness or fatigue and anorexia that are generally in advanced stages of disease.

- Symptoms associated with metastasis:

- Effect of Liver: Jaundice or yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain upper right quadrant of the abdomen and signs of liver failure. It is the most common.
- Effect on central nervous system: They are present in 10% of cases at diagnosis in small cell tumors. Generate a wide range of symptoms ranging from behavioral disturbances, headache, motor paralysis of limbs and even coma.
- Effect of bone: The bone pain is characteristic of metastatic lesions that arise in the bone, in order of frequency at the level of the vertebrae, pelvis, long bones (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia and fibula) and ribs .
- Syndrome of superior vena cava: 12% of patients with lung cancer present with this syndrome. Is due to compression and / or thrombosis of the superior vena cava by direct tumor invasion or lymph surrounding it. This syndrome is identified by swelling of the neck, head and right arm, with a markedly dilated veins in these locations.

- Paraneoplastic Signs: The most characteristic symptoms resulting from hormone secretion by tumor cells. Are more frequent in tumors of “small cells” and among these the most common are increased secretion of ACTH-like hormone that causes intolerance to carbohydrates, weakness, muscle atrophy in upper limbs, depression , confusion, psychosis … among others, all symptoms of the syndrome is common Cushing.También increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone, which is manifested by decreased urination, anorexia, fatigue, altered level of consciousness and even coma. Other events associated with small cell carcinoma are gynecomastia, muscle weakness, changes in sensation etc.

Most lung cancer patients like “small cell”, have advanced disease when they see a doctor. Less than 5% of these tumors are discovered incidentally after a chest radiograph performed for other reasons and 70% have metastatic disease at diagnosis.

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People who suffer

People over fifty years of age who have smoked cigarettes for many years.
The incidence of lung cancer among women in general has increased, which is clearly attributable to the increased number of women who smoke.

Symptoms

Cough or chest pain does not go away and may be accompanied by expectoration.
A whistle in breathing, shortness of breath.
Coughing or spitting up blood.
Hoarseness or swelling of the face and neck.
Design or feeling of breathlessness

PREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER

The main way to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking or avoid smoke snuff, in the case of non-smokers. It is also important to avoid potential carcinogens that may be in the normal environment (work and home).

TYPES OF LUNG CANCER

According to the appearance of the cells to be examined under a microscope, lung cancers can be divided into two types:

Lung cancer non-small cell. Is associated with having smoked before, having lived with a smoker or smokers or being exposed to radon. The main types of lung cancer non-small cell are named depending on the type of cells found in cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (also called squamous cell carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.

Lung cancer small cell. Found in people who smoke or used to smoke cigarettes.

DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG CANCER

Because lung cancer symptoms often do not manifest until the disease is advanced, only 15 percent of cases are detected in its early stages. Many lung cancer cases are diagnosed in early stage by accident, which means they are detected as a result of medical tests carried out due to other unrelated health problem.

A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment. If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread.

Medical history and physical examination: The medical history was recorded risk factors and symptoms of the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.
Imaging studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

Computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

Tests of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer sensitive low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.

Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

Mediastinoscopy: Make a small cut in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. Can use special tools that are handled through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the trachea and main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 mm wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

Blood tests: It is often carried out some blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as for diagnosing certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

Source: www.dmedicina.com/enfermedades/cancer/cancer-pulmon
image source: www.pharmas.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/lung-cancer-xray-main_full.jpg

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Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in Canada and one of the most deadly. Five years after diagnosis, only 14% of people with this disease are still alive. By comparison, 88% of women with breast cancer are alive five years after diagnosis.

Smoking is by far the leading cause of lung cancer, but cancer can also result from exposure to secondhand smoke tobacco or substances such as asbestos, radon gas and gasoline vapors .

Lung cancer takes two main forms: a small cell “(the most dangerous) and non-small cell. This last category is itself divided into three subgroups: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell undifferentiated. There are other forms, but they are much rarer.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer may be present for several years without any symptoms are evident. However, the most common symptoms are:

An unusual cough for over a month (be careful to a smoker’s cough worsens);
* Coughing up blood;
* Wheezing;
* Shortness of breath;
* Difficulty breathing or painful;
* Chest pain;
* A hoarse or husky voice for over three to four weeks;
* Bronchitis or recurrent pneumonia;

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Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. A greater number of cigarettes they smoke daily newspapers and the younger you start smoking, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. Exposure to high levels of pollution, radiation and asbestos can also increase the risk.

Common symptoms of lung cancer include:

1. A cough that does not go away and worsens over time
2. Constant chest pain
3. Cough with bloody sputum
4. Shortness of breath, wheezing or hoarseness
5. Repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis
6. Loss of appetite or weight loss
7. Fatigue

There are many types of lung cancer. Each grows and spreads differently and treated differently. Treatment also depends on the stage or how far along you are. Treatment can include chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.

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Only 15 to 20% of lung cancers are detected in its early stages because the symptoms are delayed. In many cases the diagnosis is usually incidental, that is, by medical evidence that you had another purpose. When diagnosed with lung cancer, additional tests are performed to evaluate different tumor stage (if the initial or advanced) as well as lung capacity and general condition.

The prognosis and treatment depend on the size and the extent of having cancer (stage), and the histologic type of tumor. The surgery involves removing the lung area containing the tumor (lung lobe) and lymph nodes in the chest and is the treatment of choice in the early stages of the disease. Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells and radiation therapy using high energy X rays. These last two treatments are used in more advanced stages or in patients which can not be performed surgery.

How can detect early stage lung cancer?
An early-stage lung cancer can be diagnosed early by detecting a lung nodule in chest x-ray or a CT scan. Latter being much more sensitive and accurate. Lung nodules can be benign (infections, scars or benign) or represent an early stage lung cancer. The importance of early diagnosis is that surgery in early stages is the only treatment that can cure lung cancer.

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Lung cancer tends to be very quiet, so that symptoms appear when the disease is at an advanced stage. These are:

* Chronic cough.
* Coughing up blood.
* Obstruction of the bronchi.

* Shortness of breath.
* Chest pain.
* Pale.
* A table held at the time, there may be weight loss poor appetite.

Diagnosis

The doctor does a complete physical examination. If there is productive cough, sputum can be analyzed to see if it contains cancer cells. However, the first test to detect abnormalities in the lung is usually the chest radiograph. In the case of suspicion of malignancy, the specialist can perform a bronchoscopy to look inside the bronchial tubes and lungs and at the same time, remove a sample of tissue for biopsy

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These symptoms may be caused by cancer or other conditions. It is important to consult a doctor.

Non-small cell lung Cancer Treatment
Patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer can be treated in several ways. The choice of treatment depends mainly on the size, location and grade of tumor. Surgery is the most common way to treat this type of lung cancer. Cryosurgery, a treatment that freezes and destroys cancer tissue, can be used to control symptoms in stages (stages) of lung cancer last non-small cell. Radiation and chemotherapy can also be used to slow the progression of the disease and to control symptoms.

Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment
Lung cancer small cell spreads quickly. In many cases, cancer cells have already spread to other parts of the body when diagnosed. To reach cancer cells throughout the body, doctors almost always use chemotherapy. Treatment may also include radiation therapy to the tumor in the lung or tumors in other parts of the body (as in the brain). Some patients receive radiation therapy to the brain even when cancer is not there. This treatment, called prophylactic cranial irradiation was given to prevent tumors from forming in the brain. Surgery is part of the treatment plan for a small number of patients with lung cancer small cell.

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The symptoms of lung cancer does not usually appear in the early stages of lung cancer but arise when it has already spread too much to increase the chance of cure. In fact, since that occurs the first malignant cell until a person consult a doctor first before symptoms of the disease can take many years.

Among the most common symptoms are:

- Persistent cough.
- Chest pain that increases with breathing.
- Loss of weight and appetite.
- Shortness of breath.
- Wheezing or whistling.
- Spitting up blood or redness (mucus).

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