Smoking increases from 10 to 25 times the risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer. This is by far the main risk factor.

Other factors may also play a role, such as:

* Secondhand smoke;
* Exposure to carcinogens (asbestos, radon, gasoline fumes, etc.).
* Smoke wood stove;
* Frequent exposure to air pollution;
* Have a diet low in fruits and vegetables.

Preventing

* Do not smoke or quit.
* Avoid secondhand smoke.
* Adopt an anticancer diet (more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, less red meats and sausages; avoid excess calories).
* In an area where radon levels are high, to analyze the air in his house to check the radon level.

Treatments

Treatment depends on several factors: the type of cancer (small cell or not), the degree of progress or “stage” of cancer, the health of the person and, obviously, what the person wants reached.

Medical treatment

* Small cell cancer. It usually offers a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
* Cancer non-small cell. Surgery if the tumor is localized and can be extracted. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy if the tumor is advanced, to slow its growth.
* Psychological and social support. The psychological and social support can help the person with cancer to have a better quality of life. Sometimes it helps to prolong life.

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Overall, pleural tumors can not be removed surgically. It must treat the original cancer (primary). Depending on the type of primary cancer, radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be appropriate.

Therapeutic thoracentesis may be performed if fluid accumulation is large and causing pressure, shortness of breath or other breathing problems (such as low oxygen levels). Removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand more and can ease breathing difficulties.

To prevent fluid from building up again, sometimes medication will be placed in the thoracic space through a tube or a surgeon can insert a scope through a small incision in the chest wall to remove fluid (thoracoscopy). Then a drug is sprayed or powder on the surface to prevent lung cancer cells produce more fluid in the future.

Expectations

The survival rate five years (number of people living more than five years after diagnosis) is less than 25% for people with pleural tumors that have spread.

Complications

* Side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
* Continued spread of cancer

Situations requiring medical assistance

Call your doctor if you experience symptoms of this disorder.

Prevention

Early detection and treatment of primary cancers may prevent metastatic pleural tumors in some people.

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Sometimes when the primary tumor has been removed and the cancer has spread to only limited areas of the lung, lung tumors can be removed with surgery. However, the primary tumor should be curable lung tumors must be completely removed and the patient should be strong enough to undergo surgery and recovery.

Other less common treatments include:

* Radiotherapy
* Placement of stents within the airways
* Laser therapy

There are other experimental treatments, one of which local heat sensors used to destroy the area. Another infuse chemotherapy directly into the artery that supplies blood to the part of the lung containing the tumor.

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Only 15 to 20% of lung cancers are detected in its early stages because the symptoms are delayed. In many cases the diagnosis is usually incidental, that is, by medical evidence that you had another purpose. When diagnosed with lung cancer, additional tests are performed to evaluate different tumor stage (if the initial or advanced) as well as lung capacity and general condition.

The prognosis and treatment depend on the size and the extent of having cancer (stage), and the histologic type of tumor. The surgery involves removing the lung area containing the tumor (lung lobe) and lymph nodes in the chest and is the treatment of choice in the early stages of the disease. Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells and radiation therapy using high energy X rays. These last two treatments are used in more advanced stages or in patients which can not be performed surgery.

How can detect early stage lung cancer?
An early-stage lung cancer can be diagnosed early by detecting a lung nodule in chest x-ray or a CT scan. Latter being much more sensitive and accurate. Lung nodules can be benign (infections, scars or benign) or represent an early stage lung cancer. The importance of early diagnosis is that surgery in early stages is the only treatment that can cure lung cancer.

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Unfortunately, radiation therapy also produces side effects, although usually limited to the area where applicable. The appearance and intensity of these side effects depends on the technique used, the total radiation dose administered, the volume of the irradiated area and susceptibility and associated diseases of each patient.

Side effects of radiation are the result of an acute inflammatory process and / or chronic localized to the skin and organs exposed to radiation. One can distinguish between general side effects of radiotherapy treatment and specific treatment of lung cancer:

- General effects:
The most important overall effect is tiredness or fatigue. Often during radiotherapy the patient is more tired than usual. Usually the result of the combined effects of treatment itself, other associated treatments and commuting to the hospital. The fatigue is temporary and disappears some time after completion of radiotherapy.

Although in most cases you can maintain normal activity levels, rest after the daily session of radiotherapy and no intense efforts or activities which may increase tiredness.

- Specific effects of the treatment area:
* Skin reactions (radiodermatitis): The radiation causes skin irritation only in the treatment area. The skin of the treated area can be altered very similar to a sunburn, although it is a rare effect with current techniques. At two or three weeks after starting therapy may appreciate the same redness (erythema). As treatment progresses, the skin area is becoming more pigmented and dark coloration, which disappears in one or two months after completion of radiotherapy.

* Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing: Radiation causes changes in the lining of the mouth and throat (thrush), and also in the lining of the esophagus (esophagitis), being contiguous to the area of treatment. This inflammation of the mucous show his face at 2-3 weeks of starting treatment, as difficulty in swallowing certain foods, fundamentally sound. This condition often improves quickly after completion of radiotherapy.

* Difficulty breathing can increase or appear de novo dry cough and mild breathing difficulty.

* Other: There may be nausea. May also occur hair loss, usually final and that only affects the chest area.

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Radiotherapy is the use of high energy ionizing radiation in order to stop the growth and division of cancer cells in the area where they are used. It is used as local therapy (in the area where the tumor) or locoregional therapy (when including also the nodes near the tumor).

In the case of lung cancer, external radiation is applied, ie, radiation is administered from the outside by a radiation-generating equipment (linear accelerator). The advantage of external beam radiation is not require admission to hospital or is painful for the patient, and is managed by specialists in radiation oncology.

Social relations, labor and patient’s family need not be affected by the fact be receiving this therapy. With external beam therapy radiation is not apparent at any time during or after treatment. Thus, once the daily treatment, the patient may be in contact with others, does not emit any radioactivity.

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What are the most common side effects?
The most common side effects of chemotherapy include:
* Nausea and vomiting.
* Hair loss.
* Fatigue and malaise.
* Increased likelihood of bruising and bleeding.
* Anemia.
* Infections.

Other problems or symptoms that may occur chemotherapy are:
* Intestinal problems.
* Changes in appetite and weight.
* Sores in the mouth, gums and / or throat.
* Problems with the nerves and muscles.
* Dry skin.
* Irritation of the kidneys and bladder.
* Problems related to sexuality and fertility of reproductive organs.

Chemotherapy Does it hurt?
Many drugs used in chemotherapy to be administered directly into the blood, the vein or injection into muscle, causing a little discomfort.

Moreover, if the drug causes pain, burning, cold or other odd sensation, contact your doctor or nurse immediately, as there may be a small problem of administration.

How long do the side effects?
Most side effects disappear rather quickly at the end of chemotherapy treatment, because healthy cells recover quickly. The exact time varies, depends on the individual and many factors, including overall health, and type of drugs he received.

Some side effects can take months or years to disappear completely, sometimes remaining lifetime. An example is when chemotherapy causes permanent damage to the heart, lungs, kidneys or reproductive organs. You may also see a second cancer years later.

Can I work while I’m undergoing chemotherapy?
The ability to work, study or other activities on the treatment received and how it affects him. Some treatments require hospital admission or more weeks, but some patients are able to work during treatment.

Although it is possible that fatigue leads to treatment do you need to adjust your work schedule for a while, or just reduce it.

Also, your doctor will prescribe the time off work if your state does not allow you to continue working.

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Limited Stage
In general, chemotherapy is used as primary treatment, with the use of several drugs in combination.

With chemotherapy is used radiotherapy to the chest. Patients who respond well to initial treatment is administered, so preventive radiation to the head. This is because the brain is one of the sites where metastases frequently occur.

In most patients, these tumors resolve with treatment, but soon reappear becoming resistant to treatment. The survival rate of two years in the limited stage, is 40% to 50% but is reduced by 10% to 20% for five years.

Many studies are underway to test the effectiveness of other treatments such as immunotherapy or gene therapy.

Extensive stage
The prognosis at this stage is very bad if left untreated cancer. Chemotherapy may be used to treat symptoms and flatter short-term survival.

Treatment with two or more drugs can shrink tumors in about 70% to 80% of these patients. Radiation therapy is also used to control symptoms and prevent the occurrence of brain metastases.

Laser surgery is used to relieve airway obstruction in patients who, by their general, not amenable to surgical surgery. The prognosis of survival five years after the discovery of cancer, is younger than 4%.

Patients who have their health badly damaged and can not undergo chemotherapy, your treatment will be reduced to drugs to relieve pain.

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