6. Cytology Sputum microscopy is examined a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

7. Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

8. Mediastinoscopy: Make a small cut in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. Can use special tools that are handled through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the trachea and main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

9. Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 mm wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

10. Blood tests: often perform certain blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as for diagnosing certain paraneoplastic syndromes.# Cytology Sputum microscopy is examined a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

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A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment.

If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread, including:

1. Medical history and physical examination: The medical history was recorded risk factors and symptoms of the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.

2.Radiological studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

3. A computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

4. Tests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

5. The positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer sensitive low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.

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- Chest radiograph with which you can see any mass or spot on the lungs and reasonably set the probability of being a cancer. This test is performed in two projections, one front and one in profile. For more than 95% of cancer cases their results are abnormal.

- TAC: It consists of an X-ray emission from different perspectives and with that seen throughout the body. It is a simple test which usually lasts more than 15-30 minutes. This is more sensitive than radiography and it detects more early-stage cancer. It also serves to check for metastasis to other organs: liver, adrenal glands, brain and so on. It is the most widely used imaging test and profitable in the study of this disease. However, sometimes required to complete the study of CT with other more sensitive tests for specific sites of lung cancer: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain or spine, liver ultrasound, bone scan and so on.

- Magnetic resonance imaging is used to make detailed cross-sectional images. This technique uses magnetic fields and spectra emitted by phosphorus in body tissues and becomes the image. With it you can see the tumor vasculature. They are more accurate images with which one can observe the spread of cancer to the brain or spinal cord. It is often not too useful for exploring the lungs.

- Positron emission tomography (PET): involves injecting a drug radio combined with glucose and this will be taken up by cancer cells, cancer exist, they consume more glucose. The radio will be located drug areas where the tumor. In the case of lung cancer, is sometimes used to clear any doubts sown by the TAC, but is not necessary most of the time.

- Sputum cytology: We analyzed the first sputum or phlegm in the morning with a microscope to see if it contains cancer cells. Is a simple and very cost effective in lung cancers located in the bronchi.

- Tissue biopsy will be needed to confirm the diagnosis of lung cancer. This test involves taking a sample of suspicious tissue and microscopic analysis. The biopsy can be done by inserting a tube, a bronchoscope through the nose to where mass is in the lung. If the patient’s characteristics can not be done this type of biopsy, there will be a small operation to remove the tissue. After analyzing it, we can now determine the tumor type and stage and establish the appropriate treatment. Biopsies can be performed to analyze tissue from other areas, such as the lymph nodes, if metastasis is suspected.

- Mediastinoscopy and mediastinostomy: Most of the time, the TAC will be insufficient to provide essential information on whether the nodes of the mediastinum, in the center of the chest are affected or not. If in doubt, mediastinoscopy is used. This exam is done under general anesthesia, introduced under the sternum through a small incision at the base of the neck, a tube and optical system equipped with biopsy forceps.

- Blood tests can determine whether some functional or organic values are altered because of the disease and also help to determine the functional face of the person to treatment.

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Only 15% of lung cancer is diagnosed in early stages, this is because the symptoms do not appear until the disease is advanced. If no lymph node involvement at the time of surgery, the survival rate five years is 50%. Considering all cases globally, the survival rate is reduced to 14%.

There are various diagnostic tests that visualize the lung tumors at different stages.

The doctor will use a method to detect cancer if there is prior suspicion. The patient’s medical history is the first to be conducted to assess personal and family history. The doctor will ask about the existence of cancer and other diseases in the family, snuff consumption, environmental or occupational exposure to substances that produce lung cancer and respiratory disease or any other suffering the ill.

The physical examination will take into account the symptoms that the patient concerned, and with it, it can obtain data that can help diagnose any disease.

The blood test will show if there are any alterations in cellular levels of other organs such as liver.

Radiologic studies can be done through various techniques, if not well visualized with a test, or if there is any doubt in diagnosis. These tests give information on the stage where the cancer. They are also useful to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

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