Some of the foods recommended for people undergoing treatments for cancer are:

Protein: beef, chicken or fish cooked, boiled eggs, sour cream, cottage cheese, yogurt, soups. Bread, cereal, rice and pasta, breads and cereals without nuts, pasta, potatoes and rice.

Fruits and vegetables: bananas, citrus, melon, peeled apples and vegetables.

Beverages, desserts and other foods

* Beverages: mention the fruit juice, milk, smoothies, and tea.
* desserts you can eat cakes and cookies without nuts, jelly and ice cream.
* Other foods allowed, are butter, margarine, salad dressings, salt, pepper, herbs, spices and honey (to be integrated at the time of cooking), sugar, jam, jelly, mustard, chocolate and olives.

Essential when a person is under treatment for cancer is known in advance that will suffer some eating disorders (loss of appetite, altered taste and smell) and should work to overcome.

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Although it is known that smoking is a risk factor for developing cancer in both the general population and in transplant recipients, smoking and taking immunosuppressants may be the main risk factor for the emergence of so-called transplant-related carcinomas.
However, the Spanish investigators did not demonstrate the existence of this association. Their study suggests most significant indicators continue to smoke after a transplant, as an indicator of increased risk, and quit after a transplant, a fact which reduces it.
According to the leader of this study, Ignacio Herrero, University Clinic of Navarra, “Smoking is associated with several of the most common causes of tumor after a transplant.”
“We investigated whether the risk of developing tumors were different in patients who stopped smoking than those who continued smoking after transplantation,” he explains, adding that, in this study, we examined the risk factors for developing after transplantation , lung, head and neck, esophagus, kidney and urinary tract.
The team analyzed a total of 339 patients who received their first liver transplant between April 1990 and December 2009 that showed a survival rate after surgery than three months. To do this used a
a protocol of ‘screening’ which took into account the risk of smoking-related malignancy in each patient.
Participants received cyclosporine-based immunosuppression tarcolimus. Risk factors for developing smoking-related cancers were also analyzed in 135 patients smoking. The objective was to determine if smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of cancer.
Risk factors to develop SRM examined were age, sex, alcohol abuse before receiving the transplant, infection with hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma in the transplant as primary immunosuppression (cyclosporine or tacrolimus) The history of rejection requiring high dose steroids or antilymphocyte globulin in the first three months, the number of immunosuppressive drugs after three months and smoking history.
A second analysis of risk factors for the development of SRM was performed only in smokers, focusing on assets compared to patients with a history of prior smoking.
After 7.5 years of follow up, 26 patients were diagnosed with 29 tumors related to snuff. Rates after five and ten years were 5 percent and 13 percent respectively.
In a multivariate analysis, smoking and being older were associated independently with an increased risk of developing tumors. In the subgroup of smokers, the variables associated with an increased risk of tumors were recorded in patients who were still active smokers and those who were older.
“Quitting smoking after a liver transplant may have protective effects against the development of cancer,” concluded Dr. Smith, for whom intervention programs targeting against snuff, along with the programs ‘screening’ could help reduce cancer mortality rate of patients who received a liver transplant.

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TREATMENTS OF LUNG CANCER

The prognosis and choice of treatment depend on the extent to which stage the cancer, tumor size or type of lung cancer.

The surgery involves removing the tumor and some tissue from the surrounding area and is often used in the early stages of the disease

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

Radiation therapy using high energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor.

OTHER INFORMATION

The doctor needs to know the stage of the cancer to plan treatment.

The staging of non-small cell lung involves the following steps:

Occult stage. Cancer cells are found in sputum, but you can not find any tumor in the lung.

Stage 0. The cancer is located in one area, in some cell layers only, and no growth through the lining of the lung. Another term for this type of lung cancer is “carcinoma in situ.

Stage I. The cancer is found only in the lung and is surrounded by normal tissue.

Stage II The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Stage III. The cancer has spread to the chest wall or diaphragm near the lung, or the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the area that separates the two lungs (mediastinum) lymph nodes or across the chest, or neck.

Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Recurrent cancer has come back after receiving treatment.

In the staging of small cell lung discusses the stages that follow:
- Limited stage: Cancer is found only in one lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Extensive stage cancer has spread outside the lung where it began to other tissues of the chest or other body parts.
- Recurrent stage. The disease has recurred after being treated, whether in the lungs or other body part.

Source: www.dmedicina.com/enfermedades/cancer/cancer-pulmon
image source: www.qualityhealth.com/resources/creative/adam/graphics/images/en/9939.jpg

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Smoking increases from 10 to 25 times the risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer. This is by far the main risk factor.

Other factors may also play a role, such as:

* Secondhand smoke;
* Exposure to carcinogens (asbestos, radon, gasoline fumes, etc.).
* Smoke wood stove;
* Frequent exposure to air pollution;
* Have a diet low in fruits and vegetables.

Preventing

* Do not smoke or quit.
* Avoid secondhand smoke.
* Adopt an anticancer diet (more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, less red meats and sausages; avoid excess calories).
* In an area where radon levels are high, to analyze the air in his house to check the radon level.

Treatments

Treatment depends on several factors: the type of cancer (small cell or not), the degree of progress or “stage” of cancer, the health of the person and, obviously, what the person wants reached.

Medical treatment

* Small cell cancer. It usually offers a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
* Cancer non-small cell. Surgery if the tumor is localized and can be extracted. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy if the tumor is advanced, to slow its growth.
* Psychological and social support. The psychological and social support can help the person with cancer to have a better quality of life. Sometimes it helps to prolong life.

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Lung cancer can be treated by various therapies that are often used in combination to provide optimal outcomes for patients. Surgical resection is the surgical process in which the tumor, and is usually recommended if the cancer has not metastasized (or spread) outside the lungs to other parts of the body.

There are several options for doing that may involve resection of minimally invasive surgery or full operation. The technique used will depend on many factors, especially the size and stage of cancer and tumors are accessible to a surgeon.

Thoracotomy performed by a surgeon makes an incision through the chest wall and the average sternotomy performed by entering the chest cavity through the sternum. The second method is usually used in surgery for lung cancer, but they simply involve the discomfort and prolonged patient stay in hospital with a recovery period longer.

Alternative operating procedures including anterior limited Thoracotomy (ALT) which involves a small incision to allow entry, again through the front of the chest. It should be emphasized that the incision is much smaller than the standard or average Thoracotomy sternotomy. An alternative is the anterior axillary Thoracotomy (AAT) which involves a small incision in the chest near the armpit, but eventually, there was postero-lateral Thoracotomy (PLT) which involves the incision of the patient’s back or side of the trunk.

Even with this improved surgical techniques, a patient will experience pain big enough if the operation involves opening the chest (sometimes called the doctor as “cracking the chest”).

As a consequence of prolonged recovery and the patient discomfort, surgical techniques have been developed that do not involve large-scale operation – it is called, minimal-invasive technique.

Video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) using a high powered video cameras and hi-definition screen in combination with the diagnostic scans, such as CT or PET scans, to target tumors in the lungs of patients. Incision is required is much smaller and do not need to open the chest cavity resulting in much less discomfort for patients and greatly reduced recovery period. Using the video display, the surgeon can resect the tumor that had been identified during the diagnosis stage and phase.

Some doctors do caution, however the use of VAT, as the traditional Thoracotomy can reveal tumors and other metastatic cancers that have not been found in the scans and initial diagnosis. If this still has not found the cancer can return and the patient will become sick again and for this reason, VAT is usually recommended for early stage (I & II) and cancer has not spread to other parts of the lungs and body.

This is very normal for any surgical procedure must be accompanied by a phase of chemotherapy or radiation treatments to ensure that cancer patients have been completely removed or killed. How the treatment and at what stage a particular therapy will be recommended will be determined by the type and stage of lung cancer patients have.

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Overall, pleural tumors can not be removed surgically. It must treat the original cancer (primary). Depending on the type of primary cancer, radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be appropriate.

Therapeutic thoracentesis may be performed if fluid accumulation is large and causing pressure, shortness of breath or other breathing problems (such as low oxygen levels). Removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand more and can ease breathing difficulties.

To prevent fluid from building up again, sometimes medication will be placed in the thoracic space through a tube or a surgeon can insert a scope through a small incision in the chest wall to remove fluid (thoracoscopy). Then a drug is sprayed or powder on the surface to prevent lung cancer cells produce more fluid in the future.

Expectations

The survival rate five years (number of people living more than five years after diagnosis) is less than 25% for people with pleural tumors that have spread.

Complications

* Side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
* Continued spread of cancer

Situations requiring medical assistance

Call your doctor if you experience symptoms of this disorder.

Prevention

Early detection and treatment of primary cancers may prevent metastatic pleural tumors in some people.

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Sometimes when the primary tumor has been removed and the cancer has spread to only limited areas of the lung, lung tumors can be removed with surgery. However, the primary tumor should be curable lung tumors must be completely removed and the patient should be strong enough to undergo surgery and recovery.

Other less common treatments include:

* Radiotherapy
* Placement of stents within the airways
* Laser therapy

There are other experimental treatments, one of which local heat sensors used to destroy the area. Another infuse chemotherapy directly into the artery that supplies blood to the part of the lung containing the tumor.

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Only 15 to 20% of lung cancers are detected in its early stages because the symptoms are delayed. In many cases the diagnosis is usually incidental, that is, by medical evidence that you had another purpose. When diagnosed with lung cancer, additional tests are performed to evaluate different tumor stage (if the initial or advanced) as well as lung capacity and general condition.

The prognosis and treatment depend on the size and the extent of having cancer (stage), and the histologic type of tumor. The surgery involves removing the lung area containing the tumor (lung lobe) and lymph nodes in the chest and is the treatment of choice in the early stages of the disease. Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells and radiation therapy using high energy X rays. These last two treatments are used in more advanced stages or in patients which can not be performed surgery.

How can detect early stage lung cancer?
An early-stage lung cancer can be diagnosed early by detecting a lung nodule in chest x-ray or a CT scan. Latter being much more sensitive and accurate. Lung nodules can be benign (infections, scars or benign) or represent an early stage lung cancer. The importance of early diagnosis is that surgery in early stages is the only treatment that can cure lung cancer.

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If you are in an early stage can remove the tumor quirúrgicamente.Ahora if it has already spread is used to radiotherapy (high energy X rays) or a combination thereof and chemotherapy (drugs effective against cancer cells).

Treatment is essential because a patient with untreated lung cancer has an average survival of six months.

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Surgery for lung cancer is a major operation. After lung surgery, air and fluid tend to collect in the chest. Patients often need help turning over, coughing and breathing deeply. These activities are important for recovery because they help to expand the remaining lung tissue and removal of excess air and fluid. Pain or weakness in the chest and arm and shortness of breath are common side effects of surgery for lung cancer. Patients may take several weeks or months to regain strength and energy.

Chemotherapy affects both normal and cancer cells. Side effects depend largely on the specific drug and dose (amount of drug administered). Common side effects of chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores and fatigue.

Radiation therapy, like chemotherapy, affects normal cells as well as cancer cells. Side effects of radiation therapy depend mainly on the body part being treated and the dose of treatment. Common side effects of radiotherapy are dryness and irritation of the throat, difficulty swallowing food, fatigue, skin changes at the site of treatment and loss of appetite. Patients receiving radiation to the brain may have headaches, skin changes, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, hair loss or problems with memory processes and thoughts.

Photodynamic therapy makes the skin and eyes sensitive to light for 6 weeks or more after treatment. It is recommended that patients avoid direct sunlight and bright indoor light for 6 weeks at least. If patients need to go outside, they must wear protective clothing, including sunglasses. Other temporary side effects of photodynamic therapy may be coughing, difficulty swallowing food and painful breathing or shortness of breath. Patients should consult with your doctor what you should do if they are blisters on the skin or it gets red or swollen.

Today, because of what has been learned in clinical trials, physicians can control, reduce or avoid many of the side effects of treatment.

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