Although it is known that smoking is a risk factor for developing cancer in both the general population and in transplant recipients, smoking and taking immunosuppressants may be the main risk factor for the emergence of so-called transplant-related carcinomas.
However, the Spanish investigators did not demonstrate the existence of this association. Their study suggests most significant indicators continue to smoke after a transplant, as an indicator of increased risk, and quit after a transplant, a fact which reduces it.
According to the leader of this study, Ignacio Herrero, University Clinic of Navarra, “Smoking is associated with several of the most common causes of tumor after a transplant.”
“We investigated whether the risk of developing tumors were different in patients who stopped smoking than those who continued smoking after transplantation,” he explains, adding that, in this study, we examined the risk factors for developing after transplantation , lung, head and neck, esophagus, kidney and urinary tract.
The team analyzed a total of 339 patients who received their first liver transplant between April 1990 and December 2009 that showed a survival rate after surgery than three months. To do this used a
a protocol of ‘screening’ which took into account the risk of smoking-related malignancy in each patient.
Participants received cyclosporine-based immunosuppression tarcolimus. Risk factors for developing smoking-related cancers were also analyzed in 135 patients smoking. The objective was to determine if smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of cancer.
Risk factors to develop SRM examined were age, sex, alcohol abuse before receiving the transplant, infection with hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma in the transplant as primary immunosuppression (cyclosporine or tacrolimus) The history of rejection requiring high dose steroids or antilymphocyte globulin in the first three months, the number of immunosuppressive drugs after three months and smoking history.
A second analysis of risk factors for the development of SRM was performed only in smokers, focusing on assets compared to patients with a history of prior smoking.
After 7.5 years of follow up, 26 patients were diagnosed with 29 tumors related to snuff. Rates after five and ten years were 5 percent and 13 percent respectively.
In a multivariate analysis, smoking and being older were associated independently with an increased risk of developing tumors. In the subgroup of smokers, the variables associated with an increased risk of tumors were recorded in patients who were still active smokers and those who were older.
“Quitting smoking after a liver transplant may have protective effects against the development of cancer,” concluded Dr. Smith, for whom intervention programs targeting against snuff, along with the programs ‘screening’ could help reduce cancer mortality rate of patients who received a liver transplant.

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- Local symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis, dysphonia (due to involvement of recurrent laryngeal nerve, either by direct tumor invasion or lymph node involvement next).
- General symptoms: Weight loss, weakness or fatigue and anorexia that are generally in advanced stages of disease.

- Symptoms associated with metastasis:

- Effect of Liver: Jaundice or yellowing of the skin, abdominal pain upper right quadrant of the abdomen and signs of liver failure. It is the most common.
- Effect on central nervous system: They are present in 10% of cases at diagnosis in small cell tumors. Generate a wide range of symptoms ranging from behavioral disturbances, headache, motor paralysis of limbs and even coma.
- Effect of bone: The bone pain is characteristic of metastatic lesions that arise in the bone, in order of frequency at the level of the vertebrae, pelvis, long bones (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia and fibula) and ribs .
- Syndrome of superior vena cava: 12% of patients with lung cancer present with this syndrome. Is due to compression and / or thrombosis of the superior vena cava by direct tumor invasion or lymph surrounding it. This syndrome is identified by swelling of the neck, head and right arm, with a markedly dilated veins in these locations.

- Paraneoplastic Signs: The most characteristic symptoms resulting from hormone secretion by tumor cells. Are more frequent in tumors of “small cells” and among these the most common are increased secretion of ACTH-like hormone that causes intolerance to carbohydrates, weakness, muscle atrophy in upper limbs, depression , confusion, psychosis … among others, all symptoms of the syndrome is common Cushing.También increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone, which is manifested by decreased urination, anorexia, fatigue, altered level of consciousness and even coma. Other events associated with small cell carcinoma are gynecomastia, muscle weakness, changes in sensation etc.

Most lung cancer patients like “small cell”, have advanced disease when they see a doctor. Less than 5% of these tumors are discovered incidentally after a chest radiograph performed for other reasons and 70% have metastatic disease at diagnosis.

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People who suffer

People over fifty years of age who have smoked cigarettes for many years.
The incidence of lung cancer among women in general has increased, which is clearly attributable to the increased number of women who smoke.

Symptoms

Cough or chest pain does not go away and may be accompanied by expectoration.
A whistle in breathing, shortness of breath.
Coughing or spitting up blood.
Hoarseness or swelling of the face and neck.
Design or feeling of breathlessness

PREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER

The main way to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking or avoid smoke snuff, in the case of non-smokers. It is also important to avoid potential carcinogens that may be in the normal environment (work and home).

TYPES OF LUNG CANCER

According to the appearance of the cells to be examined under a microscope, lung cancers can be divided into two types:

Lung cancer non-small cell. Is associated with having smoked before, having lived with a smoker or smokers or being exposed to radon. The main types of lung cancer non-small cell are named depending on the type of cells found in cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (also called squamous cell carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.

Lung cancer small cell. Found in people who smoke or used to smoke cigarettes.

DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG CANCER

Because lung cancer symptoms often do not manifest until the disease is advanced, only 15 percent of cases are detected in its early stages. Many lung cancer cases are diagnosed in early stage by accident, which means they are detected as a result of medical tests carried out due to other unrelated health problem.

A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment. If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread.

Medical history and physical examination: The medical history was recorded risk factors and symptoms of the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.
Imaging studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

Computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

Tests of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer sensitive low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.

Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

Mediastinoscopy: Make a small cut in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. Can use special tools that are handled through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the trachea and main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 mm wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

Blood tests: It is often carried out some blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as for diagnosing certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

Source: www.dmedicina.com/enfermedades/cancer/cancer-pulmon
image source: www.pharmas.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/lung-cancer-xray-main_full.jpg

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Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in Canada and one of the most deadly. Five years after diagnosis, only 14% of people with this disease are still alive. By comparison, 88% of women with breast cancer are alive five years after diagnosis.

Smoking is by far the leading cause of lung cancer, but cancer can also result from exposure to secondhand smoke tobacco or substances such as asbestos, radon gas and gasoline vapors .

Lung cancer takes two main forms: a small cell “(the most dangerous) and non-small cell. This last category is itself divided into three subgroups: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell undifferentiated. There are other forms, but they are much rarer.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer may be present for several years without any symptoms are evident. However, the most common symptoms are:

An unusual cough for over a month (be careful to a smoker’s cough worsens);
* Coughing up blood;
* Wheezing;
* Shortness of breath;
* Difficulty breathing or painful;
* Chest pain;
* A hoarse or husky voice for over three to four weeks;
* Bronchitis or recurrent pneumonia;

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Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. A greater number of cigarettes they smoke daily newspapers and the younger you start smoking, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. Exposure to high levels of pollution, radiation and asbestos can also increase the risk.

Common symptoms of lung cancer include:

1. A cough that does not go away and worsens over time
2. Constant chest pain
3. Cough with bloody sputum
4. Shortness of breath, wheezing or hoarseness
5. Repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis
6. Loss of appetite or weight loss
7. Fatigue

There are many types of lung cancer. Each grows and spreads differently and treated differently. Treatment also depends on the stage or how far along you are. Treatment can include chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.

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These symptoms may be caused by cancer or other conditions. It is important to consult a doctor.

Non-small cell lung Cancer Treatment
Patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer can be treated in several ways. The choice of treatment depends mainly on the size, location and grade of tumor. Surgery is the most common way to treat this type of lung cancer. Cryosurgery, a treatment that freezes and destroys cancer tissue, can be used to control symptoms in stages (stages) of lung cancer last non-small cell. Radiation and chemotherapy can also be used to slow the progression of the disease and to control symptoms.

Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment
Lung cancer small cell spreads quickly. In many cases, cancer cells have already spread to other parts of the body when diagnosed. To reach cancer cells throughout the body, doctors almost always use chemotherapy. Treatment may also include radiation therapy to the tumor in the lung or tumors in other parts of the body (as in the brain). Some patients receive radiation therapy to the brain even when cancer is not there. This treatment, called prophylactic cranial irradiation was given to prevent tumors from forming in the brain. Surgery is part of the treatment plan for a small number of patients with lung cancer small cell.

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The symptoms of lung cancer does not usually appear in the early stages of lung cancer but arise when it has already spread too much to increase the chance of cure. In fact, since that occurs the first malignant cell until a person consult a doctor first before symptoms of the disease can take many years.

Among the most common symptoms are:

- Persistent cough.
- Chest pain that increases with breathing.
- Loss of weight and appetite.
- Shortness of breath.
- Wheezing or whistling.
- Spitting up blood or redness (mucus).

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