Some of the causes of cancer are smoking, prolonged exposure to carcinogens, genetic predisposition, smoking marijuana, sucking talcum powder, air pollution and excess or deficiency of vitamin A. These factors can lead to malignant cells individually. Anyway, in most cases it is a multiplicity of factors.

Those who have cough or pain in the chest area in addition to releasing blood from the mouth, snoring, having both face and swollen neck, feeling short of breath and make a whistle on your breathing will be eligible to receive adequate treatment for lung cancer .

Generally, the disease is detected when it is well advanced. The diagnostic methods used are radiologic studies, CT scans and positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, sputum cytology, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, bone marrow biopsy and blood tests.

While lung cancer is treatable with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, only 15% of patients survive.

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6. Cytology Sputum microscopy is examined a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

7. Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

8. Mediastinoscopy: Make a small cut in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. Can use special tools that are handled through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the trachea and main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

9. Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 mm wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

10. Blood tests: often perform certain blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as for diagnosing certain paraneoplastic syndromes.# Cytology Sputum microscopy is examined a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

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A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment.

If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread, including:

1. Medical history and physical examination: The medical history was recorded risk factors and symptoms of the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.

2.Radiological studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

3. A computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

4. Tests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

5. The positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer sensitive low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.

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People who suffer

People over fifty years of age who have smoked cigarettes for many years.
The incidence of lung cancer among women in general has increased, which is clearly attributable to the increased number of women who smoke.

Symptoms

Cough or chest pain does not go away and may be accompanied by expectoration.
A whistle in breathing, shortness of breath.
Coughing or spitting up blood.
Hoarseness or swelling of the face and neck.
Design or feeling of breathlessness

PREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER

The main way to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking or avoid smoke snuff, in the case of non-smokers. It is also important to avoid potential carcinogens that may be in the normal environment (work and home).

TYPES OF LUNG CANCER

According to the appearance of the cells to be examined under a microscope, lung cancers can be divided into two types:

Lung cancer non-small cell. Is associated with having smoked before, having lived with a smoker or smokers or being exposed to radon. The main types of lung cancer non-small cell are named depending on the type of cells found in cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (also called squamous cell carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.

Lung cancer small cell. Found in people who smoke or used to smoke cigarettes.

DIAGNOSTIC OF LUNG CANCER

Because lung cancer symptoms often do not manifest until the disease is advanced, only 15 percent of cases are detected in its early stages. Many lung cancer cases are diagnosed in early stage by accident, which means they are detected as a result of medical tests carried out due to other unrelated health problem.

A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment. If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread.

Medical history and physical examination: The medical history was recorded risk factors and symptoms of the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.
Imaging studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

Computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

Tests of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses a radioactive tracer sensitive low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.

Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of sputum to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. Then a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope for cancer cells.

Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

Mediastinoscopy: Make a small cut in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. Can use special tools that are handled through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the trachea and main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 mm wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

Blood tests: It is often carried out some blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as for diagnosing certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

Source: www.dmedicina.com/enfermedades/cancer/cancer-pulmon
image source: www.pharmas.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/lung-cancer-xray-main_full.jpg

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# Tests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting spread of lung cancer to the brain or spinal cord.

# The positron emission tomography (PET): Using a sensitive tracer of low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may arise from the spread of cancer.

# Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of phlegm to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. After removing a sample of the mass and is seen through a microscope for cancer cells.

# Bronchoscopy: It introduces a flexible, lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. It can also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.

# Mediastinoscopy: A small cut is made in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. You can use special instruments that are managed through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the windpipe and the major areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.

# Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 millimeters wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.

# Blood tests: often perform certain blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as to diagnose certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

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Because lung cancer symptoms often do not manifest until the disease is advanced, only 15 percent of cases are detected in its early stages. Many lung cancer cases are diagnosed in early stage by accident, which means that are detected as a result of medical tests carried out due to other unrelated health problem.

A lung biopsy was used to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment. If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests are carried out to determine how far the disease has spread, including:

History and physical examination: The medical history is recorded risk factors and symptoms in the patient. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.

Radiological studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. Often using multiple imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.

A computed tomography (CT): Gives more detailed information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. CT scans are more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.

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Only 15 to 20% of lung cancers are detected in its early stages because the symptoms are delayed. In many cases the diagnosis is usually incidental, that is, by medical evidence that you had another purpose. When diagnosed with lung cancer, additional tests are performed to evaluate different tumor stage (if the initial or advanced) as well as lung capacity and general condition.

The prognosis and treatment depend on the size and the extent of having cancer (stage), and the histologic type of tumor. The surgery involves removing the lung area containing the tumor (lung lobe) and lymph nodes in the chest and is the treatment of choice in the early stages of the disease. Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells and radiation therapy using high energy X rays. These last two treatments are used in more advanced stages or in patients which can not be performed surgery.

How can detect early stage lung cancer?
An early-stage lung cancer can be diagnosed early by detecting a lung nodule in chest x-ray or a CT scan. Latter being much more sensitive and accurate. Lung nodules can be benign (infections, scars or benign) or represent an early stage lung cancer. The importance of early diagnosis is that surgery in early stages is the only treatment that can cure lung cancer.

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Bronchoscopy

It is a procedure designed to look inside the airways of the lungs. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube down the throat into the airways. The tube allows the doctor to look inside. Your doctor might also take samples of tissues and cells (biopsy) during bronchoscopy.

Bronchial biopsy

Bronchial biopsy is performed by inserting a bronchoscope through the larynx of the patient. The bronchoscope is a camera that allows the doctor to see as you enter the unit. The bronchoscope is also a small hole that allows to remove pieces of tissue. These tissues are then sent to the laboratory for analysis.

Mediastinoscopy

This is the procedure that examines the mediastinum. This area is located in the center of the chest, right in the middle of the lungs and contains the heart, blood vessels and lymph nodes.

Needle biopsy

For this procedure, the doctor uses a fine needle to take samples and examine cells under a microscope. This test can be uncomfortable, but only takes a few minutes. The doctor may also use X-rays, CT scan or ultrasound to guide a biopsy needle during outpatient. The biopsy can be performed during surgery.

Wedge biopsy

For this procedure the surgeon makes an incision through the skin and removes a wedge of tissue from the tumor and sent to a lab for analysis. For this procedure, the patient must be under general anesthesia. Sometimes you use this type of biopsy when other biopsy methods have not been able to confirm a diagnosis.

Thoracoscopy (video-assisted VAT)

The doctor may request this procedure to drain fluid from the sac (pleura) that surrounds the lungs, also known as pleural effusion. This procedure can also be used to take samples of lung tissue or lymph nodes in the mediastinum. A tube with a scope on the tip, allows the doctor to see inside your chest. This tube also allows the physician to take samples of fluids, and sent to the pathology laboratory for analysis.

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Lung cancer tends to be very quiet, so that symptoms appear when the disease is at an advanced stage. These are:

* Chronic cough.
* Coughing up blood.
* Obstruction of the bronchi.

* Shortness of breath.
* Chest pain.
* Pale.
* A table held at the time, there may be weight loss poor appetite.

Diagnosis

The doctor does a complete physical examination. If there is productive cough, sputum can be analyzed to see if it contains cancer cells. However, the first test to detect abnormalities in the lung is usually the chest radiograph. In the case of suspicion of malignancy, the specialist can perform a bronchoscopy to look inside the bronchial tubes and lungs and at the same time, remove a sample of tissue for biopsy

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Lung cancer often spreads to the brain or bones. Knowing the stage (stage) of the disease helps the doctor plan lung cancer treatment. Some of the tests used to determine whether the cancer has spread are:

CT scans or CT scan. A computer linked to an X-ray machine creates a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). A powerful magnet linked to a computer produces detailed pictures of areas inside the body.

Radionuclide studies. The scans with radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) can show whether cancer has spread to other organs including the liver. The patient swallows or receives an injection of a mildly radioactive substance. A machine (scanner) measures and records the level of radioactivity in certain organs to reveal abnormal areas.

Bone scans. The scanogram bone, a type of radionuclide study can show whether cancer has spread to the bones. Is injected into the vein a small amount of a radioactive substance that travels through the bloodstream and concentrates in the areas of abnormal bone growth. An instrument called a scanner measures the radioactivity levels in these areas and records them on x-ray film

Mediastinoscopy / mediastinotomy. A mediastinoscopy can help show whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the chest. Using a light optical instrument called an endoscope, the doctor examines the center of the chest (mediastinum) and nearby lymph nodes. At mediastinoscopy, the scope is inserted through a small incision in the neck in mediastinotomy, an incision is made in the chest. In either of the two procedures, the endoscope is also used to collect a tissue sample. The patient receives general anesthesia.

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